Risk and Management - 3300 Words

Risk and Management (Essay Sample) Content: Name: Course: Tutor: Date: Introduction Global financial crisis was a wide spread period of economic disaster that impeded markets world wide. The global financial crisis started in 2007, and it began with the breakdown of the United State financial system extending spontaneously to other countries worldwide. The short run widespread of global financial crisis began to take off when basic commodity prices started to increase. These basic commodities included the price for fuel and food. On the other hand, the fertilizer prices increase caused damages to the importation of food and crop manufacturers in the developing economies around the globe. This paper work focuses on the cycles of events leading to the global financial crisis which led to bad investment decisions causing serious losses and successive crisis in liquidity hence triggering the global financial credit crisis. It also focuses on the failure of major brand organizations during the global financial cris is despite the existence of excellent risk management and mitigation methods. Deepening of the global economic crisis in 2008 led to reduced consumer spending due to high commodity prices. Moreover, banks and financial institutions reduced spending especially on the foreign direct investments. Global financial crisis period was also accompanied by large scale reduction in production, international trade and capital investments. Unemployment and inflation characterised most of the economy’s performance. In addition, the continued increase in food and fuel prices led to starvation and increased poverty levels in the developing countries, whereas the developed and wealthy countries growth and recovery remained sluggish. Largely, the effects of global financial crisis were felt by the developing countries and this greatly affected their GDP gross domestic products hence deteriorating economic development and growth. However, developed countries felt the effects in major sectors of the economy such as capital market, money market and the housing markets. This forced them to pull back on foreign direct investments in developing economies so as to protect the home based assets, and it further led to more troubles in the developing countries. Some of the financial analysts and economists still feel that though recovery was achieved later on, the globe still remain at risk of such other economic disturbances. Discussion The global nature of financial crisis in 2007-2008 was characterised by inflation and unemployment. Fundamentally, inflation is the general increase in commodity prices followed by subsequent decrease in the consumer’s purchasing power. Inflation was experienced during the global financial crisis due to rise in food and fuel prices which reduced the consumers spending in major economies of the world. On the other hand, reduction in large scale production and international trade led to increase in level of unemployment. During the glob al financial crisis, both developed and developing countries experienced a series of economic downturns such as credit crunch, housing market failure, investment loss in major organizations, equity price bust, and financial assets such as options and derivatives bust hence decline in GDP output. Following the economic meltdown brought about by the global economic crisis, the subprime property and housing market especially in the United State underwent a period of unparalleled havoc. This heightened the instability of investments such as real estate. The momentum of the housing market dampened due to a series of fluctuating interest rates. Households and investment companies were not in a position to access credit from the banks hence construction of the real estate reduced and subsequent dampening the housing market. Also, the housing prices declined due to soaring global product prices. The economic downturn allied with an increased level of unemployment and concerns about job secu rity of citizens of world economies together with tightened lending conditions undermined the housing market. Prior to the global financial crisis, property and real estate owners enjoyed increased returns but following the global effect of financial crisis, property owners’ returns from investments on real estate declined. This is because, banks and other financial institutions extended loans to commercial property investors at low interest rates. Construction of real estate houses increased. Consequently, the supply for real estate exceeded the demand. For instance, it was estimated that, in 2009, there was 200,000 real estate housing units in excess supply in Ireland. However, the investors were unable to repay the loans. Eventually, banks were denied access to credit due to loan defaults. On the other hand, real estate reduced housing prices led to dampening of the housing markets in major developed countries like United Kingdom and United States. The combination of he ightened in accessibility of credit to banks and real estate investors squeezed the circulation of liquidity leading to global credit crisis. On the other hand, the credit crunch was a period of severe shortage of liquidity in circulation. The housing market failure was an effect of global financial crisis which later led to a credit crunch in economies of developing and developed countries. The policy makers in many developed countries like United States and the United Kingdom recognized the activities of banks and other financial institutions including providing credit to the citizens of an economy. Moreover, these activities necessitated operational risks exploited by organizations in execution of the business functions When banks extended credit to citizens, they exposed themselves to operational risk; a risk of loss from consequential failure of internal operational systems in an organization or external factors. However, the operation risk undertaken by the financial instituti ons and banks in extending loans to citizens did not have cushion apparently to absorb the huge loan defaults and investment banks made huge losses. In addition, banks pursuing credit extensions during the global financial crisis period (2007-2008) to citizens experienced huge losses due to real estate investors’ default. The defaulters denied commercial banks credit and in return it squeezed the circulation of credit in the economy and global financial crisis turned into a credit crisis. The credit crisis which lasted for a while created huge investment losses to banks and housing market due to excess supply. The financial crisis led to low production levels slowing economic growth and development. Moreover, since production was low it required fewer workforces hence the level of unemployment increased in the developing and developed nations. Banks in the developed countries exercised credit risk by giving out loans. Following reduction in interest rates during the global f inancial crisis, banks attracted credit risks. These are risks associate with the bank’s losses if borrowers do not make disbursements as agreed. Commercial banks mostly exercised credit risk when they wanted to make profits. However, following widespread financial regulation failure, banks lost investable funds as a result of taking too much credit risks. The losses impacted greatly on the ability of commercial banks to lend more hence weakening the circulation of money and subsequent credit crisis. From the above discussion, both credit and operational risks can be exercised by an organization simultaneously. In practicality organizations and companies including banks are always in pursuit of profits. This increases the appetite for credit risk. On the other hand, organizations operational risk entails losses arising from execution of functions of an entity. Therefore, whenever a bank extended loans to the citizens during the global financial crisis both the operational and credit risks were interconnected. Losses experienced by banks due to defaults were resultant effects of both operational and credit risks undertaken by commercial banks in major economies worldwide. However, systematic risk is fear of the entire collapse of the financial system. Excessive borrowing by households during the global financial crisis was as a result of many banks and financial firms taking high risks without regulating the money market forces. This widespread, excessive borrowing and irresponsible monitoring of the financial systems led to collapse of banks and other financial institutions during the crisis. Losses experienced were resultant effects of too much of systematic risk in the organizations managed by corporate governance. Also, during the global financial crisis most governments experienced huge public debts. Inflation intensified, and unemployment level increased. On the other hand, households and investors spending reduced due to panic of unprecedented in creases in commodity prices. All these cycles of events were due to irresponsible management of the financial systems in major super power nations like United State hence causing deficits amid the surpluses of trade in China. The global imbalance of trade surpluses in China and trade deficits, in United States, was also the root causes of the global economic crisis. Banks stopped lending to other banks and refused to inject liquidity into financial markets causing damage to the global economic activity and subsequent low economic growth. Governments did not respond to expansionary monetary policy because of the huge public debts from international monetary fund and World Bank. Combination of the commercial banks and government responses towards the world economy led to low investment levels and losses to investors. These losses were attributed to reduced consumer spending and the stepping up of savings among households. These changes among households were accompanied by loss of pers onal net worth driven by reducing housing and equity prices. However, ...

Why A Bank Serves A Geographic Area - 1524 Words

If a bank serves a geographic area that extends substantially beyond a state boundary, the bank must delineate separate assessment areas for the areas in each state. If a bank serves a geographic area that extends substantially beyond an MSA boundary, the bank must delineate separate assessment areas for the areas inside and outside the MSA. PERFORMANCE TESTS AND STANDARDS The Regulatory Agencies evaluate a bank’s CRA performance under various standards depending on whether the bank is a large or small banks, is a wholesale or limited purpose bank, or is operating under a strategic plan. CRA ratings are publicly available. Therefore, a poor rating may have an effect on a bank’s reputation. There is no monetary fine or other direct†¦show more content†¦A large bank is graded on each of the tests as Outstanding, High Satisfactory, Low Satisfactory, Needs to Improve, or Substantial Non-compliance. The three grades are then melded into a single grade for the bank. A high rating under one of the tests can offset a low rating on one of the other tests. Lending Test In assessing a bank’s lending activities, the Regulatory Agencies review the following information: †¢ Lending activity: The number and dollar amount of home mortgage, small business, and small farm loans in the bank’s assessment area(s). The general standard is that 80% in number and dollar amount of a bank’s loans should be in its assessment area(s). This number is not a regulatory requirement; it is more of an industry best practice. If the number is less than that, the bank has probably been too restrictive in defining its assessment area. †¢ Geographic distribution: The geographic distribution of a bank’s mortgage, small business, small farm, and consumer loans including: o The proportion of lending in the bank’s assessment area(s); o The dispersion of loans across the bank’s assessment area(s); and o The number and amount of loans in low , moderate-, middle-, and upper-income areas in the bank’s assessment area(s). †¢ Borrower characteristics: The demographics of the bank’s borrower’s including: o Mortgage loans to low-, moderate-, middle-, and upper-income individuals; o Small business and small farm loans to small businesses and small farms

Descartes Vs. Pascal Essay - 1172 Words

Descartes vs. Pascal nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;For centuries, human beings have been debating over the validity of the use of reason. This is a very, very difficult subject to discuss, as one is forced to study something which is at that moment being used in their study. Two classic thinkers who contrasted on their view of reason were Descartes and Pascal. Though both saw reason as the primary source of knowledge, they disagreed over the competence of human reason. Descartes, the skeptic, said that we could use reason to find certain truth if we used it correctly, while Pascal said that we cant know certain truth, but reason is the best source of knowledge that we have. Descartes: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Reason is the tool†¦show more content†¦This is a very useful step, because I can take my idea that a perfect being (God) exists. Since this idea is greater than myself, there must be a perfect being who has caused this idea in me. Continuing on, if there is a perfect God, than I can logically deduce that a perfect being would not give me a deceptive faculty. If we do not have deceptive faculties, than we can know for certain that we can trust our senses with certainty. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The certainties that I have arrived at by starting with the one certainty can be known with complete certainty because they were arrived at using rational, logical reasoning. It is true that we can doubt that God exists, yet this skepticism is superseded by rationality. We used a rational argument which is based upon certainties; therefore, we know with 100% certainty that God exists. Pascal: Rene Descartes must realize that our world is not like mathematics. As I have stated, â€Å"Let man consider what he is in comparison with all existence; let him regard himself as lost in this remote corner . . . What is a man in the infinite?† (Pascal, #72). How can we expect to gain a grip on certain knowledge when we cannot even grasp where we are in relation to all of reality. Descartes was right in saying that reason is the basis of all of our knowledge, but he must realize that we have severe limitations in our use of reason. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;We have beenShow MoreRelatedDescartes vs. Pascal1177 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes vs. Pascal For centuries, human beings have been debating over the validity of the use of reason. This is a very, very difficult subject to discuss, as one is forced to study something which is at that moment being used in their study. Two classic thinkers who contrasted on their view of reason were Descartes and Pascal. Though both saw reason as the primary source of knowledge, they disagreed over the competence of human reason. Descartes, the skeptic, said that we could use reasonRead MoreDifference Between Faith And Knowledge1561 Words   |  7 Pagesupcoming paragraphs. I will briefly explain the argument of Pascal’s wager and the reasoning behind it. Is there a God? Should I believe in God? People think about this question everyday. Pascal is famous, among other things for his wager argument. It was a groundbreaking theory at that time. It’s basically a risk vs reward argument. Pascal’s theory is that it’s better to believe in God, even without reason than it is not to believe, which you can stand to lose significantly. Atheist haveRead MoreModern vs. Pre-modern Essay example1064 Words   |  5 PagesModern vs. Pre-modern There is one simple way to classify the difference between the modern and the pre-modern, and that would be to separate them by years. Unfortunately this would not be cut and dried; it would be a rough estimate because no one really knows when the change took place, or if there even was a change. What is known for sure is that things did change. The â€Å"â€Å"moderns† (became) set against â€Å"ancient† modes of thought and practice† (Shapin, p. 5), and this led to a so-called scientificRead MorePascal’s Wager vs. the Ontological Argument2450 Words   |  10 PagesPascal’s Wager vs. the Ontological Argument Pascal’s Wager was a groundbreaking theory posed by the French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist Blaise Pascal. Pascal, who is said to be the father of modern probability, felt that that religion should be approached as a gamble. It was one of the first efforts to incorporate the concept of infinity. The wager stated that, even though the existence of God cannot be determined through reason, one should wager as though God exists, because livingRead MoreBill Nye Vs Ken Ham1661 Words   |  7 PagesBill Nye VS. Ken Ham Rain Shi Ken Ham is a Christian who established a creationist museum, he insisted the Earth still young. Ken Ham said: Today, there is too much influence of the theory of evolution on children, we need to take the child back to the correct view of the world in this debate, and it is a good opportunity to let people know more about God, and the spread of the Gospel. Ken Ham s position is creationism. He believes that people are not evolved, because God created human, andRead MoreTo Know About France, and Its History, Culture, French People and Democracy in France5199 Words   |  21 Pagesthem: Claude Monet, Victor Hugo, Antoine de Saint-Exupà ©ry, Jeanne dArc, Napolà ©on Bonaparte, Louis Braille, Louis Pasteur, Gustave Eiffel, Jean Cocteau, Gustave Flaubert, Jean Paul Sartre, Voltaire, Paul Cà ©zanne, Paul Gauguin, Blaise Pascal, Franà §ois Jacob, Blaise Pascal, Brigitte Bardot, Catherine Deneuve, Jean Reno, Jean Rochefort, Pierre Cardin and more. These days French people place a lot of importance on their appearance of. It seems that the fashion has influenced them all. They look at othersRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pages------------------------------------------------- Essentialism vs. Existentialism Essentialism: A belief that things have a set of characteristics that make them what they are, amp; that the task of science and philosophy is their discovery amp; expression; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence While, Existentialism:A philosophical theory or approach, that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free amp; responsible

Impact Of Slavery According To Frederick Douglass - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 611 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Frederick Douglass Essay Did you like this example? Frederick Douglass Throughout this passage coming from the Narrative of Douglas, Douglass is referring to the women at his new plantation, or his new â€Å"home†. He portrays the idea that slavery truly does have a very impactful and large effect on everyone who witnesses it or is involved with it, rather than just the slaves themselves, specifically through the words, â€Å"soon commenced its infernal work† (Douglass 77-78). Essentially, one could say that slavery changes who a person is entirely, and this is demonstrated perfectly through Douglass’ words throughout this passage. Douglass shows the true impact slavery leaves on everyone through the picture he paints into your head, which stems from his use of imagery when he states, â€Å"cheerful eye† and â€Å"red with rage† (Douglass 77-78). The use of the imagery impacts readers, and brings to life the idea that slavery was life changing as it shows that her once happy self was changed the minute her life was introduced to slavery through her new marriage, as prior to this she had never experienced the horror of slavery. She was once pure and innocent, yet that was all taken away from her when she entered the world of slavery. The torture her and her husband were inflicting on others took a toll on her personality as a whole, and eventually sucked all of the life out of her. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact Of Slavery According To Frederick Douglass" essay for you Create order Following this, Douglass’ use of a metaphor through the words, â€Å"angelic face gave place to that of a demon† (Douglass 77-78) shows yet again the idea that people change entirely through the terrifying, and horrific process that slavery was, and all of the treatment that it entailed. This metaphor compares not only the women to an angel in the past, but now a demon as well, which are two very opposite, and rather heavy things to be compared to mentally. Yet again, the idea that slavery can make someone who was once so pure, or someone who obtained an â€Å"angelic face† into the worst thing possible, â€Å"a demon† is brought to life through this extremely impactful metaphor, as the terms used are on a very deep scale for many. Finally, Douglass brings up once again how amazing and wonderful this woman was prior to this horrid experience and conditions she had to witness others go through. Through the words, â€Å"a woman of the kindest heart and fine st feelings† (Douglass 77-78), the theme above occurs once again, yet this time, with diction. This woman truly was one of the best people that others had known, up until her breaking point throughout her experience. Through these words however, it shows the purity, innocence, and true kindness that she had in her heart and in her soul, as Douglass could have simply stated that â€Å"she was kind†, yet he took it to a much greater extent to show the true meaning behind her as a person. By using rhetorical strategies which form such a impactful, influential, and real effect on the readers, Douglass continuously shows the life lasting, and changing effects slavery had on everyone involved in the process, rather than just the slaves. Also, it shows that it doesn’t just change someone’s life and their views, yet it changes who they are as a person overall. Thus, making it extremely hard for readers to imagine how cruel times were in the past, which pulls on their heart and makes them much more grateful for the life they are given now. It can evoke an emotional response, as many don’t truly understand just how impactful and horrific this time was, yet due to the aid from rhetorical strategies, Douglass helps readers better understand this.

Comparing Romeo and Juliet and Pyramus and Thisbe Essay

Famous texts often have many similarities as it makes good discussions to find all the possible things that are very related to one another. These certain texts between Romeo and Juliet and Pyarum and Thisbe are almost so closely related, that there are infamous of resemblances that you can point out. There are the obvious general observations, but once you dig deep, you find that there are much more comparisons that meet the eye. Since they are so closely related, we are able to really truly understand the concepts that stand out through each reading. This will make our thoughts deeper and more powerful towards both texts. In Romeo and Juliet, the text is very similar to Pyramus and Thisbe through a love connection between characters even†¦show more content†¦Also, in Romeo and Juliet and Pyramus and Thisbe, a huge part that plays throughout both tales is the showing of miscommunication and misunderstandings. In Romeo and Juliet, Act V Scene II Lines 17-19 Friar Lawrence sp eaks, â€Å"Unhappy fortune! By my brotherhood, the letter was not nice, but full of charge, of dear import, and the neglecting it may do much danger.† Even though the entire play is of miscommunication, this by far is the worst as since Romeo did not receive that letter, it led to the deaths of Juliet and Romeo. Pyramus and Thisbe on the other hand seemed to have their entire plan worked out right through communication, yet it was the misunderstanding that led to both their deaths. The faults of Pyramus assuming Thisbe was dead, led to his suicide which connected to Thisbe’s suicide as well. Last but not least, in both texts of Romeo and Juliet and Pyramus and Thisbe, they are very similar as they both end with terrible, terrible tragedies. Both these readings are known for being tragedies, which make them both so memorable. In Romeo and Juliet, Act V Scene III lines 307-310 the Prince says these concluding words, â€Å"Go hence, to have more talk of these sad things ; some shall be pardoned, and some punished; for never was there a story of more woe, than this od Juliet and her Romeo.† That itself sums up that it is one of the greatest tragedies known to man. The same ending through misunderstandings leads to Pyramus andShow MoreRelatedThea 1016562 Words   |  27 PagesFinal Project Part1: Directorial Vision Statement The piece that I selected for this formal treatment is Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. I select this for a couple of reasons that are listed as the following. First of all, Romeo and Juliet is so famous and popular all around the world, and the two main characters—Romeo and Juliet are so well-known that even people who have no idea about theatre or the original piece of work know they are tragic lovers whose families resented each otherRead MoreA Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare Essay2727 Words   |  11 PagesShakespeare often used his plays to explore different feelings and emotions. He has written tragic plays, humorous plays and romances. Shakespeare often uses love as a theme within his plays, this is shown in plays such as Romeo and Juliet, Much Ado About Nothing, Twelfth Night, and A Midsummer Nights Dream. He uses love repeatedly throughout his plays, as it is a universal feeling to which all can relate. People on every social level find his plays

Country Side Free Essays

Country Side Freedom surrounds those who aspire to achieve lonesome from the rest of the world. The perfect getaway is something that most people deserve once in a while. Complete solitary from everything and everyone nothing but fields for miles and miles away. We will write a custom essay sample on Country Side or any similar topic only for you Order Now The country side has a lot to offer the spectacular view and stunning landscape. It doesn’t matter whether it is winter, spring, fall or summer because either of these seasons changes the fact of how admiring the view is from a far. I am a victim of this ignorance. I never realize how precious and beautiful the country side is until I saw Harvey George W. ainting, New England Landscape, at the Andersons Gallery in Beverly Hills that opens my eyes into larger sense of beauty and strength. Harvey George W. was known for his Techniques of Fly Tying Fishing. Harvey was born on November 14, 1911, in Dubois, Pennsylvania. His father Archibald accepted a job as a stock farmer in Lansdale, Pennsylvania. That’s where he got inspired by painting the New England from his childhood memories. While Harvey was in the farm he had learned so many things and to appreciate what was handed to him, he did not come from a wealthy income family and all he could have done is go by what his e xpectation were. His Father Archibald teaches him how fish by the stream right off the stream. Even more he was being afflatus by the nature that surrounded him. Harvey is not a well-known artist but more for his achievements at Penn State University. At Penn State he teaches Fishing Tying for the first Time in history and that class was accredited in 1947. Also he got offered to run in the Olympics but then he was diagnosed with pneumonia and did not get to compete. In my perspective view, seeing this painting of the country side makes me want to forget about life and go there to escape from the everyday basis. The scenery is breath taking. The tree that is located on the center left hand is perfected it reflects how privacy is supposed to be like. The stack of hay behind the giant tree is a symbol of freedom. The hay represents how everyone who would like to be stress free can just hide behind a tree and forget about their existence. The farm town is far away like it’s supposed to be and endless fields. This portrait reminds me of my own family ranch in Mexico; it made me realize that I am taking that part of my life for granted. How to cite Country Side, Essay examples Country Side Free Essays Country Side Freedom surrounds those who aspire to achieve lonesome from the rest of the world. The perfect getaway is something that most people deserve once in a while. Complete solitary from everything and everyone nothing but fields for miles and miles away. We will write a custom essay sample on Country Side or any similar topic only for you Order Now The country side has a lot to offer the spectacular view and stunning landscape. It doesn’t matter whether it is winter, spring, fall or summer because either of these seasons changes the fact of how admiring the view is from a far. I am a victim of this ignorance. I never realize how precious and beautiful the country side is until I saw Harvey George W. ainting, New England Landscape, at the Andersons Gallery in Beverly Hills that opens my eyes into larger sense of beauty and strength. Harvey George W. was known for his Techniques of Fly Tying Fishing. Harvey was born on November 14, 1911, in Dubois, Pennsylvania. His father Archibald accepted a job as a stock farmer in Lansdale, Pennsylvania. That’s where he got inspired by painting the New England from his childhood memories. While Harvey was in the farm he had learned so many things and to appreciate what was handed to him, he did not come from a wealthy income family and all he could have done is go by what his e xpectation were. His Father Archibald teaches him how fish by the stream right off the stream. Even more he was being afflatus by the nature that surrounded him. Harvey is not a well-known artist but more for his achievements at Penn State University. At Penn State he teaches Fishing Tying for the first Time in history and that class was accredited in 1947. Also he got offered to run in the Olympics but then he was diagnosed with pneumonia and did not get to compete. In my perspective view, seeing this painting of the country side makes me want to forget about life and go there to escape from the everyday basis. The scenery is breath taking. The tree that is located on the center left hand is perfected it reflects how privacy is supposed to be like. The stack of hay behind the giant tree is a symbol of freedom. The hay represents how everyone who would like to be stress free can just hide behind a tree and forget about their existence. The farm town is far away like it’s supposed to be and endless fields. This portrait reminds me of my own family ranch in Mexico; it made me realize that I am taking that part of my life for granted. How to cite Country Side, Papers

Ted Hughes the jaguar and Wodwo free essay sample

Hughes deliberately creates myth to ‘correct’ the fundamental flaw in western thinking, which is the separation from nature. His intent to metaphorically bring attention to the psyche of society, brought upon by WWII, through animals and the disconnection from nature is expressed in both ‘The Jaguar’ and ‘Wodwo’. These poems focus on the centrality of consciousness, the flaws of humanity and Hughes concern with the need to reconnect with nature due to the trauma of the twentieth century. Hughes is able to create visionary poetry through the structure and techniques within both ‘The Jaguar’ and ‘Wodwo’. In Ted Hughes’ poem the jaguar the centrality of consciousness and the perception of the animals reveals something about the observers consciousness. The instinctive human emotions are expressed subconsciously and metaphorically. ‘The Jaguar’ effectively presents the complexity of the natural world. We see how the literal representation of animals transcends into the imaginative realm. Hughes draws influence from his context as he attempts to uphold Romantic poetic traditions – in particular the appreciation of nature – in the face of Modernism and ‘the Movement’ threat. We will write a custom essay sample on Ted Hughes the jaguar and Wodwo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We see this immediately in the beginning through the use of animal imagery and stretched assonance (â€Å"yawn and adore†) in â€Å"The apes yawn and adore their fleas in the sun†. Here, the dullness of entrapped animal life serves as a metaphor for the monotony of human life that lacks freedom of thought due to the expectations of society. In many ways, this reflects Hughes’ frustrations about his mid-20th century context where scientific and technological change resulted in a loss of tradition with a lack of appreciation for nature. This sentiment is furthered through the repetition of â€Å"cage† and the sibilance in â€Å"cage after cage seems empty, or stinks of sleepers from the breathing straw†, which serves to emphasise Hughes’ dissatisfaction with the seemingly endless nature of this entrapment. The opening of Stanza 3, â€Å"but† sees a shift in rhythm with the â€Å"jaguar hurrying enraged†. The simile in â€Å"the crowd stands, stares, mesmerised as a child at a dream† sees the adult crowd in awe of the jaguar from the norm as they come to recognise the power of imagination, much like â€Å"a child at a dream†. By the ending we see how the jaguar â€Å"spins from the bars, but there’s no cage to him†¦ his stride is wildernesses of freedom†. This serves, as a metaphor for the freedom of human emotion that arises if one does not remain physically entrapped by the expectations of society and extends themselves imaginatively. Similar to ‘The Jaguar’, Hughes’ poem ‘Wodwo’ explores the limitations of consciousness. Hughes uses particular language techniques (motifs) to show that animal behaviour represents human behaviour. â€Å"Why do I find this frog so interesting as I inspect its most secret interior and make it my own? This quote demonstrates the â€Å"secret interior† the frog is hiding, this can also be described as the secret chamber of the mind, where all secrets are kept. The question at the beginning of the quote and at the end of the quote further highlight the lack of knowledge â€Å"wodwo† has. Hughes is asking if he can make it his own, emphasising the animal and human behaviours and how they are so alike. The â€Å"most secret† is also represented as high modality and spiritual. This is reconnecting back to shamanism and how Hughes was a big believer in shamanism. Relating to the centrality of consciousness, â€Å"What am I doing here in mid air?, Mid air represents consciousness, Hughes uses repetition of questions to emphasise his uncertainty. Again Hughes has used the technique, repetition to underlie Wodwo’s uncertainty with the world by asking questions over and over again, and yet not getting any response. The â€Å"floating in mid-air† is an exa mple of liminal imagery. It is impossible for any human being to be floating in mid-air. The impossible Hughes writes about reflects the stream of consciousness Wodwo is experiencing, with his loss of self-identity. Hughes is concerned with the need to reconnect back with nature. This is highly demonstrated in his belief in Shamanism. Shamanism is a practice that involves a practitioner reaching altered states of consciousness in order to encounter and interact with the spirit world and channel these transcendental energies into this world. â€Å"Who am I to split the glassy grain of water looking upward? † The guttural sound of the ‘g’ establishes the sounds that water makes when hitting a surface, or when drinking the fluid (sound from throat). Water reflects aspects of the natural world, as the water Hughes is talking about in â€Å"Wodwo† is a river. The question â€Å"Wodow† is asking himself, determines the lack of relationship that humans have with mother nature. The liminal imagery used in â€Å"looking upward† creates sensations of floating, which then reconnects back to the stream of consciousness. Hughes is a visionary poet; whose intent is to heal the psyche of society caused by the horrors of the twentieth century through his writing. This is evident in both ‘The Jaguar’ and ‘Wodwo’, which use animals and nature as an analogy for problems and fears faced by late twentieth century humanity.